The Role of the Ghost in Hamlet Essay Example for Free

The Role of the Ghost in Hamlet EssayThe ghost is a symbolisation of instability in Denmark and it is the omen which signifies to Denmark that something is wrong. In Shakespe bes play, to Hamlet, the ghost is a symbol of his father whom he has great astonishment for, as he numerously refers to his father as a Greek God Hyperion, and constantly measures the discrepancy between his father and Claudius Hyperion to Satyr. The greatest juxtaposition of the two opposites serves to emphasis the salient differences between the two characters. *The ghost, who is a very image of Hamlet Senior a figure like your father is able to take advantage of As a result of Hamlets admiration for his father. It is the ghost who encourages Hamlet to murder Claudius in order to avenge his fathers death Revenge this foul and most unnatural murder The pejorative words use to illustrate the ghosts opinion of murder highlight his disapproval of the murder. He dramatizes the moment, saying 0 list, list, 0 list1If thou didst ever thy dear father love. Shakespeare uses various literary elements to add-emFive power to the role of the ghost for example, the ghost criticizes the murder, referring to tas most foul, strahge and unnatural. The groups of three M e r fuel Hamlet to murder the king. Ironically despite of his unvarnished disapproval of murder, he wants Hamlet to commit the same task.This may cause the audience to question the motives of the ghost, which seem hypocritical. The ghost continues with a battering of mixed messages when he condemns to Queen for her sexual depravity thy most seeming-virtuous queen loved prey on garbage. However following this, he tells Hamlet to not think bad of his mother, as Heaven will deal with her actions Taint not thy mind nor let thy soul contrive / Against thy mother aught, leave her to heaven / And to those thorns that her bosom cling / To prick and sting her. The violent imagery he uses only further heightens Hamlets disgust at his mother s actions.The metaphor of thorns in her bosom is an antithesis because the bosom and rose are symbols of femininity, but the prick and sting2epict the idea of pain (as comfortably as phallic references) and since Hamlet is so influenced by his father (in the fonn of a ghost), his hatred for his mother increases. These contrary ideas haunt Hamlet later in the play, when he is confused to how he should treat his mother I will speak daggers to her but use none.His ambivalence between acting violently but not actually using that violence is shownwhen Hamlets procrastinates in killing Claudius. Though he mentions that his thoughts are bloody he never manages to translate these thoughts into action, partly due to the contradicting views the ghost has planted in him. Overall, the role of the ghost is to encourage Hamlets obsessive thoughts about his mothers marriage to his uncle, as well as to foreshadow fateful events to follow.

Demetrius Griggs Essay Example for Free

Demetrius Griggs EssayKrak had many symbols presented throughout the book. The symbol that held the most meaning to me while reading this book is, The Sea. The book starts at sea, with the story Children of the Sea, and the Sea proves to be actually important to the people of Haiti in their struggle to escape a difficult situation. The sea is how the Haitian immigrants exit travel in their attempt to escape a corrupted government.The sea becomes life sentence and death, survival. In the story of Children of the Sea the sea holds lots of meaning, and the meaning is very different for each person who is out at sea. For the new man escaping after natural law raid his radio station, he sees the sea as fortune. The opportunity to escape a corrupt country and continue his life, but the sea also provides heartache, as this is what separates him from the love of his life. Being at sea also gives the adolescent man hope that one day he can desex a better life for himself, as most immigrants flee to America in the hope to live a more promising life.The only way he is able to have roughly peace with his time at sea, is the nonebook computer he has, where he writes to his love back at home. He tells her of the women on the boat who tell stories and sing, in an attempt to control the seasickness most of them ar experiencing. He describes being at sea as lost time, stating in one of his many letters, sometimes it feels interchangeable we have been at sea month keen-sighted than the many years that I have been on this earth (14). He is only aware that a day has passed by the raising and setting of the sun. I have always thought of the sea as something beautiful, mysterious even.The sea to me has always provided me with opportunity, the opportunity to sleep with something new, to explore. But this does not prove to be the similar for the people on the tiny boat who are struggling to stay alive. It never occurred to me that the sea, is not always beautiful t o everyone, it holds despair, concern and represents death in some cases. The scared passengers on the boats do not know what will progress until they reach land, nor do they know what will happen once they reach their destination. The fear of, how they will provide for themselves, what will they do for food, where they will live, sets in.I cannot imagine going day by day not knowing what will happen or if I will even survive to see another. I remember being so excited to come to New York for the summer to begin with I would formally start school in the fall. It wasnt until I was in the airport in New York that I realized I was officially on my own in a brand new city. Not knowing what the next day would hold or what I would get to experience had me a bit nervous. It was a good feeling to know I was getting to live a new life, but the uncertainty of that new life was shell shocking.However, I did have a place to stay, I knew where my food would come from, and I had the means to s peak to my family whenever. These are things that I once took for granted. penetrating what was going to happen next. Along with providing opportunity for some of the passengers on the boat, the sea also symbolizes death. The sea holds the bodies of many refugees of Haiti who were not able to survive the difficult conditions of the boat. The young man is a witness of a live birth and death. Celianne is a young pregnant girl on the boat who was raped by the police of Haiti at 15 years old.As it seems she is having the worse time on the boat, not bringing any of her own food, she barely eats. The baby that she gives birth to does not survive. Having to throw her baby overboard was too much for Celianne, as she too follows her baby into the sea. There was no question of it. The sea in that spot is like the sharks that live there. It has no mercy (26). In Nineteen Thirty-Seven, the symbol of water and death is represented again. This time however a river stands in the way of life. The debacle River is the river that separates Haiti from the Dominican Republic, a place where all Haitians living there were ordered to death.The young girl that writes the boy tells the story of going on a transit to the Massacre River with her mother and other women. She learns that her life was almost taken there, as her mother was pregnant with her. We were saved from the tomb of this river when she was still in my womb (40) hard to escape the Dominican Republic to return to Haiti, many women lost there lives in that river to the El Generalissimos soldiers. Each year they would visit that River, garmented in neat dresses to pay respect to the family members who were killed in that river, and also o remember how lucky they were to make it through the river and back to their terrifying country.The wearing of the white dress when the women would visit the Massacre River, reminds me of my family when we visit my grandfathers at their burial site. We would each wear something in m emory of my grandfathers. Whether it is something he gave us, or a hat that we design to wear while watching our favorite basketball team play, we each had our own little tribute to them. The white dresses where their tribute to their lost relativities who did not make it across that river.Danticat did a great job incorporating symbols into these stories. Showing how everyday things we pay no attention too, hold so much more meaning thusly just what they are meant for. As Americans we see the sea and ocean as beautiful and relaxing, soothing. It is a place for us to escape our lives for a week long vacation, to have fun and forget about what is going on back home. I have never stopped to think that this does not prove to be the same for immigrants. The escape they are seeking is very different then the escape of an American on vacation. To them it is more a matter of life or death.

Activities Of Ancient Hawaiian Culture Cultural Studies Essay

Activities Of Ancient hulloan Culture Cultural Studies EssayThe superannuated Hawaiians had many games and physical activities that were important to their sacred beliefs and everyday life. Although many of the activities were ethnicly important, two activities exceedingly survived to be recognized on a global weighing machine surfing and hula-hula. The uniqueness of these two activities has made them iconic of Hawaiian acculturation and has created a strong sense of fleece and renewed sense of culture. The goal of my query is to give a write up of the holidaymakered Hawaiian physical activities of surfing and hula and their significance to Hawaiian culture. The significance of such activities in social intercourse to culture is an important subject in anthropology and the use of primary and secondary sources will be my field of study in this paper. The research will begin with the history of the Makahiki or Hawaiian New Year and its enormousness to games and physical ac tivities as a religious and cultural event. The study will incorporate the two popular ancient Hawaiian activities, including a brief history of their relationship to the ancient Hawaiian culture and the importance of these activities to Hawaiians today. It is important to none the effect that globalization has had on these activities and how their values and meanings gestate shifted. Hula and surfing are important today in relation to tourism, which is the leading industry in Hawaii. Due to globalization and the agent of the capitalist market economy the importance of surfing as a practice of Hawaiian culture has shifted to become a vehicle of tourism and recreation. what is more Hula had been of the most important ancient Hawaiian cultural creations and has subsequently shifted to become a vehicle of tourism and recreation. Although the effects of globalization have shifted the cultural importance of these activities, the communal existence of Polynesian peck will be the for ce that sustains surfing and hulas cultural importance.MakahikiThe Hawaiian New Year festival is called Makahiki and was a very important time of the year in ancient Hawaiian civilization. The word Makahiki translates as year in Hawaiian. The celebration marks the end of the gather and the beginning of the new agricultural growing season. The celebration was in honor of the god Lono, and encompassed about four months from November to March. The celebration was separated into three phases the first world hookupu, a time of taxes to the king and redistribution to the plurality. The second phase was welehu and was devoted to sports and gambling (Jones 1967). The creation of the second phase and the mythology behind it shows how sports and games were not only important to people as means of leisure activities but also how they were important in their relation to culture and religious beliefs.Lo-no was the fourth of the four colossal gods that were worshiped throughout Polynesia. He had a separate value of priests and temples of a lower grade. Traditions connected with the ancient kings Lonokawai and Lono-i-ka-makahiki, seem to have been mixed with those be foresightfuling to the primeval god Lo-no. Lono-i-ka-makahiki is reputed to have instituted the games which were keep during the Ma-hahi-Ri festival. He is said on some account to have become offended with his wife and murdered her but after(prenominal)ward lamented the act so untold as to induce a state of mental derangement. In this state he traveled through all the islands, packing and wrestling with everyone he met. He subsequently set sail, in a singularly shaped canoe, for Tahiti, or a foreign country. After his departure he was deified by his countrymen, and annual contests of boxing and wrestling were instituted in his honor. (Cullin 1899 203)The third phase of the ceremony was waaauhau and was a time to pay taxes to the gods. A canoe was sent adrift with a tribute to Lono and after this tribute was paid the king would also go adrift. The last-place act of the ceremony, according to Cullen, took place when the king with a numerous company went fishing, taking the long idol with him. On his return, he was accompanied by a warrior, expert in the spear exercise. As the king leaped ashore a man speed forward with two spears bound with white kapa, and hurled one at him, which was parried, after which he simply touched the king with the other spear, and the ceremony was over (1899 204). The final act was the sham battle, in which the king overcame the islanders defense of the landing which symbolic representationized his worth and permitted him to continue to rule. Seaton assumes that, the intensity of the defense was proportional to the general dissatisfaction, for failure to land was regarded by the Hawaiians as a demonstration that the ruling chief had lost his mana and therefore, the right to rule (1974 201). Overall, the Makahiki is described as a time period of renewal, an interval during which the divine order of the king was upturned and the regimens of socia1 rank and work were suspended. It was carnival, warfare was suspended, sociability and play were the principal activities. (Davenport 1987 177). The ancient Hawaiians would anticipate this celebration and the entire year was in cookery for it. Therefore, it is reasonable to speculate that practice of games and physical activities were common throughout the year and common in the daily life of ancient Hawaiians with particular importance existence placed on the practice of surfing and hula because of their relation to the economy and religion of ancient Hawaii.SurfingHee Nalu (surfing) originated in ancient Hawaii and was important in ancient culture because of its relationship to economy and religion. Surfing was a very popular sport, so popular in fact that it is the only sport of Hawaiian origin to flourish at an international level today. The history of the sport is very hard to discer n because of diffusion and the fact that all ancient Polynesians had a mastery of oceanic skills, although most scholars agree that it was in Hawaii that this exertion flourished. The Surfers Almanac discusses the evolution of surfing by means of diffusion by settlers of Hawaii from other parts of PolynesiaThe Marquesans brought to their new Hawaiian home their ancient sport of paipo-riding a wave on a small, rounded board while fiction prone, the sport today called belly boarding or knee boarding. The Tahitians also brought their favorite aquatic pastime to Hawaii. They rode the incoming waves while standing in a waa (canoe), an activity they called paka. When did it happen that a young Marquesan using a paipo board to surf prone, watched a newcomer from Tahiti surfing erect in his canoe and opinionated to stand upon his paipo, discovering that if he had enough speed he could do so? That moment was the birthdate of surfboarding. (Filosa 1977 2).Like many aspects of ancient Polyn esian culture, surfing was stratified base on social rank. Filosa explains, the Hawaiian nobility, the alii, used the great olo (heavy) board. The makaainana, the commoners, used the alaia (thin) board. The nobles liked slow, undulating waves such as those found at the mother beach of surfing, Waikiki the commoners preferred fast steep waves such as those at Waimea Bay (Filosa 1977 3). Surfing reached its pinnacle in ancient life with King Kamehameaha II who abolished the tabus on surfing. All people from that point on could surf however they pleased. Surfing became a national sport and very important to the society. Like many Hawaiian activities the ancients would create competitions base on skill and mastery of the craft. The relation of surfing to ancient Hawaiian culture was based on these competitions which in turn had an effect on the economy. In terms of the gambling side of the sport, Malo and states that Surf riding was a national sport of the Hawaiians, on which they we re very fond of betting, each man staking his property on the one he thought to most skillful (1951 223). It was because of gambling and the arrival of Congregationalist missionaries from Boston that the activity nearly became extinct. The religious taboos on gambling and the arrogation of land by the missionaries caused a dramatic drop in the community and in effect so did the sport of surfing, Filosa describes the decline and reason for its revivalWith the close of so many Hawaiians, the sport of surfing slowly declined, until in 1898 when the islands were annexed to the United States, less than fifty Hawaiians still surfed, and these used the great olo boards. By 1900, there were few than ten surfers, but among them was a boy born in 1890 of royal blood. He was destined to salvage the national sport of his people and become the fuck off of modern surfing. His name was Duke Paoa Kahinu Makoe Hulikohola Kahanamoku, son of Duke Halapu Kahanamoku and Julia Paakonia Lonokahikini Paoa. He is still revered by surfers worldwide simply as the Duke. (Filosa1977 4)Surfing as a physical activity had its foundation in Hawaiian religion and culture. It was Kamehameha the Great who made surfing the national sport of Hawaii. Kamehameha II, his son, who abolished the tabu system so that all Hawaiians could participate in the sport. Last but not least, Duke Kahanamoku kept the sport alive and transported it around the world. The diffusion of ancient surfing and modern surfing has undoubtedly created opportunity and pride due to the ever growing popularity of this cultural pastime which has become a powerful global industry.HulaWhereas surfing gained its popularity today because of its function as a sport, hula is much more than just a physical activity done for enjoyment. The hula can be viewed as a distinctive and inherent facet of the Hawaiian culture (Williams 1973 177). Hula is translated as to dance and make sport to the accompaniment of music and song. Unlike sur fing and other sports and activities hula was something that was interpreted very seriously and practiced in everyday life. Mitchell (1975) states that the severe and rigorous training for the professional male and female dancers extended over a period of years. (pg 85). Although the hula may have been practiced in everyday life, the ancient Hawaiians did not use it for their own amusement as it is done today. The hula had great religious importance and dances were performed for kings, chiefs, or the public during important ceremonies like the makahiki. The dancers were specially chosen and were held in high regard throughout Polynesia. These dancers required special commandment and arduous training in traditions, songs, and dance. Those persons who were chosen to become dancers were specifically chosen because of hulas relationship to religion. Emerson explains that it (hula) was a religious affair and the participants therefore had to guard against profanation by a conservative system of tapus and priestly rites(1965 13). The dancers were initiated into a school which was more of a cultural institution called a halau. The halau functioned according to a very strict set of regulations and rules. In ancient Hawaii the strict tapus and importance of the hula required the halau to be a built by the entire surrounding population and the united effort regularly made it possible for a halau to be built in one day. Williams (1977) demonstrates the importance of the hula to ancient Hawaiians when she statesThe hula not only was an embodiment of the beliefs and values of the people but also served as the keeper of tradition and as a vehicle of communication for passing on religion, history, and legends. The hula functioned as a cultural transmitter because it embodied, within the dance movements and the dance songs and chants, knowledge and productive skills, social sanctions, genealogies, personal and community experiences and the imagery arising from mans relation to nature. (pg 177)Like ancient forms of surfing, the dances and the games were largely discontinued after the introduction of foreign ways into Hawaii. Fortunately during the mid 19th century, King Kalakaua sponsored a revival of the hula while there were experts still living in the kingdom. Due to tourism and to a greater extent globalization hula as a symbol of Hawaiian culture but is not nearly as important as it once was. It is a uniquely Hawaiian activity but it is seen in the beginning as a physical activity and not as an important cultural institution. In Hawaiian Hula an Institution, Williams (1973) writesThe hula, once a proud, merry institution of religious origin, has wandered so far that now the memory of it is either totally forgotten or is associated with the riotous and passionate ebullitions of Polynesian kings and the amorous posturing of their voluptuaries. A distinction must be made between the traditional forms and the gestures, bodily contortions, and words uttered by men and women actors of the hula today. Many actors in the hula no longer understand the meanings of the words, or suit the action to the word. The hula songs of old were performed in large measure in a way clear with grossness(1973 182).Although some may view hula in this context, elucidating the differences between modern and ancient hula, the fact that it has such deep rooted uniqueness and cultural symbolization is important to Hawaiians and Polynesians in general.ConclusionOf the many physical activities and games that ancient Hawaiians had, very few survived to be important to Hawaiians today. Surfing and hula are two Hawaiian pastimes that have survived and their history is testament to their importance in Hawaiian culture. Surfing, initially a leisure activity that was practiced daily and used in religious ceremonies such as makahiki has become a very large international industry. Due to globalization this industry has proven to be very important to Hawaiian cul ture because of its relation to tourism. Surfing and surfing events such as the triple crown attract millions of persons each year to the islands. Tourism is the leading industry in Hawaii and like many other island communities tourism and surfing are creating new frontiers and opportunies. Hula, although not as popular globally as surfing, has remained a vital part of Hawaiian culture. This institution was of the utmost importance to the ancient Hawaiians daily existence and functioned as a tool to aid their religious beliefs (Williams 1973177). In fact, hula was so important that it is said that every activity of the ancient Hawaiians had its own hula, from waking in the morning to carving a canoe. Due to globalization the importance of the Hawaiian hula has shifted from a religious and cultural activity to an activity that has its roots in Hawaiian culture but is used primarily for tourist spectacles and physical exercise.Although globalization has shifted the importance of these activities, the Hawaiian culture in its ancient and present forms and the close communal and co-operative type of existence of the people (Jones 1967204) have shown to be the reason for the creation of these activities and that alone sustains their cultural importance.

Establishing A Pay Structure Commerce Essay

Establishing A take over Structure Commerce Es judgeCompensation is an important factor for HR people. Indeed, it is a flair to motivate employees and make up their caper satisfaction. that, determine the right recompense for apiece individual inside the company is not an easy task it will depend on several factors that will be discussed in this paper.Organizations make decisions to describe a clientele expression, or copulation abide for contrasting demarcations within the organization. They establish relative open for different functions and different levels of responsibility for for each one function. Organizations also moldiness establish stipend levels, or the average paid for the different jobs. These decisions ar based on the organizations goals, market data, legal requirements and principles of fairness. Together, job structure and turn over level establish a yield structure insurance.To be effective, the compensation must be war-ridden in the market, per ceived as fair by employees, accu straddlely based, motivating and easily understandable. Thus, in order to achieve it a pay structure policy ass help in this process. A pay structure dresses a hierarchy of job types and grades with the associated compensation and benefits. It is a term for the array of pay treads within the organization and representing the degree of slope in its pay policy (Milkovich Newman, 2002). Characteristics of a especial(a) pay structure include the number of levels in the structure, the size of the pay differentials between each level in the structure, and the rate at which employees commode move on through each level in the structure (Gerhart Milkovich, 1992).In order to realize this paper, I interviewed to HR managers that gave me their thoughts about the subject and experience.The paper will pop out with the legal requirements that a company has to respect when setting compensation in the United States, and then it will focus on the factors.Lega l RequirementsAt exit employees atomic number 18 protected by several regulations in terms of selection, health and safety, toil, etc and of course pay. When establishing a pay structure, organizations face slightly laws put in frame by the government that may vary according to the country where the employees of the company work. There are mainly five types of constraints that companies have to take into consideration in order to avoid troubles equal employment opportunity, borderline wages, pay for overtime and prevailing wages for federal contractors and baby excavate. rival Employment OpportunityThe Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) gathers several laws from the Civil Rights Act, American With Disabilities Act, Age discrimination in Employment Act and Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act. These laws protect employees from discrimination in hiring, promotion, discharge, pay, fringe benefits, job training, classification, referral and other aspects of employment accor ding to employees race, color, religion, sex, origin, disability, genetics and age.Thus, to meet the standard of EEO, employers must provide equal pay for equal work, regardless of these criteria. However it does not guarantee equal pay between men and women or young and old, etc. Indeed, differences in pay may appear but they must have good explanations relative to the business such as job responsibilities, skills, performance etc.To summarize, two employees doing the same job cannot be paid otherwise because of the previous criteria mentioned otherwise it would be considered as illegal. However, if one of the employees has some particular skills, or other business related considerations, the two employees might have a different pay.Fair Labor Standards ActThe Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) is administered by the Wage and Hour Division (WHD) and establishes the federal minimum wage, overtime pay and child employment standards that most of companies must comply with. It applies to most of companies operating in the US and exempts some employees such as executives, professionals and outside sales persons. number one the FLSA, the employer must pay at least the minimum wage established by the law. Nonetheless some states and local governments have established soaringer minimum wages. In cases of where an employee works under state and federal minimum wage law he should be paid with the highest one. A minimum wage corresponds to the low compensation an employee can receive for the work s/he has performed. In 2012, the current minimum wage set by the FLSA in the United States is $7.25. In addition, the FLSA establishes a youth minimum wage for the first 90 consecutive days of employment of people under 20 years old which represents or so 85% of the minimum wage.The FLSA also requires overtime pay for hours worked beyond 40 in each week. Thus employees should be paid at a different rate for extra hours. This rate is set at one and a half times the employees r egular pay rate including bonuses. Overtime pay is ask even if the employer did not ask the employee to work to a greater extent. Moreover, there is no limit on the number of hours an employee can work during a week.Finally, employers must meet FLSA requirements concerning child labor (children younger than 18 years old) which basically restrict the use of child labor within a company. They must be paid at the minimum wage, as adults, or youth minimum wage (for the first 90 days).Any violation of the act may result to penalties and sanctions.Prevailing takings for Federal ContractorsThe U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) Employment Standards Administrations Wage and Hour Division (WHD) administers laws and regulations requiring minimum wages to be paid to workers performing construction work on federally-funded contracts or providing services to the federal government. Federal contractors must meet the requirements to pay at least the prevailing wages in the area where there employees work, that is to say the hour rate paid to the majority of workers in a special area. It is defined by regulatory agencies.It exists two federal laws that cover employees pay policy in this fieldDavis-Bacon Act for construction contractors that receive more than $2,000 in federal money.Walsh-Healy Public Contracts Act for all government contractors receiving $10,000 or more in federal funds.Economic Factors on CompensationAn organization cannot make spending decisions independent of the economy. Organizations must detainment costs low enough so that they can sell their products profitably, however they must be able to attract workers in a competitive labor market. Thus, to remain competitive, employers must meet the takes of product and labor markets.Product MarketsProduct market is a market in which competing final goods and services are exchanged. Companies must be competitive in product markets so that they can generate enough profit in order to pay their employees. The more the competition, the more companies will reduce costs because they are unable to increase prices without losing money.In addition, product markets seek to buy at the lowest price, so organizations must limit their costs as much as possible. Indeed, an organization that has high labor cost will have to raise its prices for similar products already available on the market.In this way, product markets place an upper limit on the pay an employer can afford to offer for a specific job.Labor MarketsIn order to define labor market, we need to define its demand and supply. The demand side focus on the employers actions, that is to say how much he is willing to pay and how much employees he is looking for. The supply side consists of workers who want to procure as much as possible. To attract and keep workers, employers must pay at least the going rate in their labor markets. That is to say, to remain competitive in the labor market, organizations in a similar area have to pay this minimum amount to hire the most qualified employees.In this way, labor markets place a lower limit on the pay an employer must be willing to offer for a specific job.Pay Policy appellationOrganizations make decisions about whether to pay at, higher up or downstairs the pay rate set by these market forces. Paying above the market rate may make the organization less competitive in product markets but give it an advantage in labor markets. The organization benefits only if it can attract the best candidates and provide the system that motivate and enable them to do their best work. Furthermore, the efficiency wage theory (A. Marshall, 1920) explains that paying employees above the market rate increase productivity and efficiency for firms. Indeed, thanks to that they would be able to avoid shirk, reduce employees turnover, attract the best people, provide motivation for employees and allow them to eat so that they are less willing to be sick.Organizations that pay below the market rate need creative practices for recruiting and training workers so that they can find and keep enough qualified people. It is the less recommended strategy. If an organization choose it, it is probably because it has not enough financial resources to pay its employees, however in order to keep employees or even attract them the company must provide other non-financial advantages. Companies that are using this strategy experience high rates of employees dissatisfaction, high turnover and low productivity.The most use strategy is to match the market by paying the same pay for same jobs. Indeed by setting the same pay level, companies are able to remain competitive while managing their labor costs.BenchmarkingIn order to define the going rate in the market, companies use benchmarking. It consists for them to compare their receive practices in terms of pay with the ones practiced by their competitors. Benchmarking is through through pay surveys to the right competitors, for the right jobs, and through the right methods (phone interviews, personal interviews, questionnaire, etc.). This is usually done by some agencies, especially the US bureau of labor statistics, with National Compensation Survey rather than by the company itself.While developing a pay survey, companies must take into the two previous factors mentioned in pay level decisions (product market and labor market). Indeed, according to the goal of the company, it will focus more on product markets or labor markets comparisons.Pay structure related to jobsAlong economic forces, organizations must consider the relative contribution each job should make to the organizations overall performance. Creation of a pay structure requires that the organization develop an internal structure showing the relative contribution of its various jobs, called job structure. One way to do it is through job evaluation.Job evaluationJob evaluation has several objectives, it can help toDefine what positions and job responsibilities ar e similarDecide right pay grades and other compensation issuesDevelop job classificationsHelp employees along their career pathOrganizations typically begin with a job evaluation to measure the relative worth of their jobs. A job evaluation committee identifies each jobs compensable factors and rates each factor. These compensable factors are the specificities that each job requires and that the company decided to value most and pay for its employees, such as education, skills, effort, job complexity, responsibilities, working conditions, experiences of the employee, etc. Then, for each factor the organizations define several degrees (usually no more than five) in order to judge the degree of a factor existing in a job. Once it is done, the committee assigns points for each factors and degrees. In order to simplify this process the committee may write down a job evaluation manual and use it to evaluate each job according to their significance into the organization.Pay Structure Crea tionThe committee can research market pay levels for key jobs, then identify trance rates of pay for other jobs, based on their number of points relative to the key jobs. The organization can do this with a pay policy line, which plots a salary for each job. The pay policy line is a graph that shows the relationships between job evaluation and pay rate. It is then used to define the compensation for non-key jobs, for which the company has no data.The organization can combine jobs into several groups, called pay grades. For each pay grade or job, the organization typically establishes a pay range that will determine a minimum, midpoint and maximum of pay for a specific job or job within a specific pay grade, using the market rate or pay policy line as a midpoint. Thus, the salary of an employee may change according to some factors such as performance, seniority, etc. However, for some reasons, it is possible that an employees pay fall outside the pay range that the organization esta blished. For instance, when an employee pay rate fall below the pay range for the job, it is called green-circle rate. It can happen when the employee has been promoted to a new position that is under a new pay grade. Conversely, when the employee pay rate fall above the pay range for the job, it is called red-circle rate. It can happen when the employee is demoted and keeps his/her current compensation. When these kinds of situation happen it is important for the company to solve the problem, nonetheless it is still rare.Differences in working conditions or labor markets sometimes call for the use of pay differentials to adjust pay levels. For instance, some companies pay a differential for night work to compensate them.Alternatives to Job-Based PayTo obtain more flexibility, organizations may reduce the levels in the organizations job structure. This process of delayering creates broad bands of jobs with a pay range for each. Other organizations reward employees according to their fellowship and skills. They establish skill-based pay systems, or structures that set pay according to the employees level of knowledge and what they are capable of doing. This encourages employees to be more flexible and adapt to changing technology. However, if the organization does not also provide systems in which employees can apply new skills, it may be paying them for skills they do not actually use. observe Compensation CostsThe Human Resource Department should routinely compare actual pay with the pay structure to see that policies and practices match. A common way to do this is to measure a compa-ratio for each job or pay grade. The compa-ratio is the ratio of average pay to midpoint of the pay range. Assuming the pay structure supports the organizations goals, the compa-ratio should be close to 1. When compa-ratios are more or less than 1, the HR department should work with managers to identify whether to adjust the pay structure or the organizations pay practices.http //www.dol.gov/whd/flsa/index.htm.UPHgI-TxajM

The Local Economic Impact From Mega Events Tourism Essay

The Local Economic Impact From Mega Events Tourism EssayIn this section, the interrogationer will present the flat coat for the woof of this topic. An introduction about mega sporting returns, the research questions, its aims and objectives, the literature review, theoretical rationale, methodology, its limitations and followed by a short summary will be written in this proposal. As the researcher in writing is much more familiar with the capital of Singapore economy, the research would be based on the local anaesthetic market, which would be the Singapore Formula one Grand Prix.Roche (2000) describes mega-sporting events as large-scale cultural (including commercial and sporting) events which put up a dramatic character, mass popular appeal and international signifi merchantmance. They be typically organised by variable combination of national governmental and international non-governmental organisations. This describes that much(prenominal) events should attract viewers a nd media representatives from all over the world and that the military city or nation should bang alterations to the regular cycle of events.The waitering of sport events in particular has showed a number of latent benefits. Potential benefits such as investments, advertising, tax generation, revenue generation, enhanced community image, job creation, positive spiritual earnings, health and fitness, promotion of sport, creating local amusement, creation of new infrastructure, improvement community pride, urban redevelopment, extendd tourist flow, according to Daniels and Norman (2003), and Kim et al. (1998). seek QuestionThis research explains how mega-events like Singapore Formula One Grand Prix affects the local economic blow and the strategies adopted. The research is classified under the following question where in this report the researchers effort will be concentrated on giving insights on this research question.How do managers use strategical analytic thinking tools o n a mega-event such as F1?Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of this research is to discuss the wallop of strategic abstract tools apply on mega-events, on how events such as Formula One is marketed to the beneficial of Singapores local economy. Thus, the researcher will be aiming to attain the following objectivesTo make out the variant strategic analysis tools used for economic trespasss.To develop an brain on how these strategic analysis tools atomic number 18 determined on to mega-events.To discover the influences from strategic analysis tools on mega-events such as Formula One.To examine the effectiveness of the strategic analysis tools impact on Formula One.Literature ReviewMega-events such as Formula One have the ability to attract large numbers of visitors and their expenditure, which is often sought after by local tourism agencies because of their actual potential to contributing to tourism selling and development. An important fundamental that government bodies put for ward to forceing a mega-sports event is the perceived economic benefits that the event forms (Porter, 1999). It is usually birdsong that mega-events, such as the Formula One Grand Prix, give an incentive to business resulting in economic benefits generated which are greater than the bells, including public funding, from hosting the event.Sports entrepreneurs or government bodies typically engage consulting agencies to outline an economic impact report (Johnson and Sack, 1996). Regardless of the mega-sports event, such reports from consulting agencies normally claim a huge positive economical impact.However, there are a lot of criticisms in the academic literature on the effectiveness of these economic impact analyses. Matheson (2002 2006) points out that many (event-sponsored) studies overstate the economic impact on local communities and Porter (1999) states that the envisioned benefits of public spending never occur. This explains that the future prospects of hosting such meg a-events are worse off for developing countries and the opportunity cost of providing up-to-date facilities are greater and the need of modern infrastructure required poses a major further investment.4.1 Impact of EventsMega events can help re-prioritise urban agendas, create post event usage debates, often stimulate urban redevelopment, and are instruments of boosterish ideologies promoting economic growth (Hiller, 2003, p. 449). Thus, these offer an extensive range of potential positive and prejudicial impacts for host cultures and are both short- and long-term. Even though now there is significant competition mingled with destinations, there is still significant gaps between the experience of mega-events in developing and advanced societies, between economic and non-economic outcomes.Mega-events should be part of a long-term developing and marketing plan. The hosting of mega-event can play a circumstantial role in marketing or branding a host destination and be part of a long -term development or lay strategy. It is important for the marketing opportunity sought from hosting a mega-event to be seen as part of a longer term strategic marketing plan for the destination as opposed to a one-off marketing event (Jago, Dwyer, Lipman, Vorster, 2010, p.231). If a host destination has a development plan in place, the hosting of a mega-event can practice as a catalyst to bringing forward future development opportunities. In this effect, this often brings in merit in creating an on-going suite of events that utilises the infrastructure bring about for the mega-event and enhance the reputation and profile of the host destination over time.In order to formulate a plan for both short- and long-term event outcomes, the organizing committal moldiness consider various event leveraging strategies to be adopted. (OBrien and Chalip, 2007). The leveraging perception is implicated with planning ahead of the event so that a host city can improve and maximize positive imp acts such as increased business, tourism and social aspects and benefits Chalip (2004, p. 245) explains that a strategic precaution extremity must be formed and implemented in order to properly leverage the opportunities from hosting an event. Strategic analysis tools such as SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, Porters Five Forces analysis and Value concatenation analysis are appropriate for the evaluation of event leveraging or marketing strategies. The following section will examine what the natures of the say four analysis tools entails and how it is applied to a strategic management process for the organization to host mega-events.4.2 SWOT synopsisSWOT analysis is whereby an start to lose it the aspects of the external environment, in order to identify and establish the most attractive or suitable course of action in terms of strategic decisions to be used. In the sport context, Shank (2009) found that the strengths and weaknesses are manageable elements within the establishmen t (in this case a host city) that may influence the objectives of the strategic management process. In this case, conducting a SWOT analysis is deemed laborsaving for host destinations as it can take into account event organizers to recognize how the strengths of their country or city can be matched with opportunities that hold out in the environment, and useful insights to leverage the benefits of the event. A brief example of a SWOT analysis on Singapore Formula One Grand Prix can be seen in Figure 1.CUsersNoWaKiDesktopSWOT table.pngFigure14.3 PEST AnalysisPEST analysis is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations (Roumboutsos, Chiara, 2010). It understands the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological of the business environment and event managers can use PEST to skitter the environment and adjust their plans to minimize threats and capitalize on opportunities. In the context of Si ngapores Formula One, brief examples of PEST analysis can be seen as semipolitical Seen as a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between the public and private sectors.Economic A stable and growing economy, translating to high consumer confidence and increase in spendingSocial Lack of racing events in Singapore, thence the idea of Formula One will be well received by the society.Technology Singapore ranked 2nd place of World Class IT Infrastructure by the World Economic Forum in 2011.4.4 Porters Five Forces AnalysisPorters (1980) five forces framework models the five most significant competitive rivalry forces in an industry in order to determine that industrys acquireability. This serves as a substitute for the magnetism of the industry for potential entrants and determines the industries profitability. The five forces are rivalry between competitors in the industry, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of consumers, barriers to entry and threat of substitutes. Thus, in the case of Singapore Formula One, examples can be seen in Figure 2.CUsersNoWaKiDesktopUntitled.pngFigure 24.5 Value cooking stove AnalysisValue Chain analysis defines each activity that takes place in a business organization and relates them to an analysis of the competitiveness in the environment.It is based on the principal that firms (or events) exist to create value for their customers and helps to identify new business opportunities. The value chain analysis includes a couple of significant theoretical distinctions, one being between primary and support activities (Porter, 1985). Primary activities create value for the customer, whereas support activities support primary activities and indirectly affect customer value.Competitive advantage involves signification and definition on the activity cost behavior drivers and differentiation generated by those activities. Product differentiation in turn effects what customers are willing to pay for the firms products, thus depen ding on the activity cost drivers leading to the end product. A simplified table used on Formula One can be seen in Figure 3.CUsersBenjamin PhoonDesktopUntitled.pngFigure 3Theoretical RationaleLeveraging mega-events such as the Formula One can offer incentives and benefits to a host destination, relating to cultural insights, development of collaborations and improved organizational networks (Kellet et al., 2008). In order to advantagefully leverage the event, strategic analysis tools such as SWOT, PEST, Porters Five Forces and Value Chain Analysis associated with hosting the event can leave alone valuable knowledge to host destinations.Analysis of weaknesses in the operating environment, such as economic stability and political support (Shank, 2009) can also offer valuable insights for event managers and tourism providers to plan on how the host destination can reap the benefits from the sport event (OBrien and Chalip, 2007). However, mega-events can lead to an entryway to under- utilized infrastructure and debts. Jones (2001) argues that the justifications in the use of public funds are based on the economic benefits that are often overstated. The case of Montreal 1976, where they experienced a tremendous debt after hosting an event, which cost the country and its residents over CAD$2 billion in capital and interest cost (Whitson and Horne, 2006).Therefore, the selection of Strategic Choice Theory and Stakeholder Theory would be appropriate for this rationale. Stakeholder surmisal (Freeman, 1984) focuses the organizations efforts on developing a firm that has to deal with a multitude function groups other than customers and shareholders. Stakeholders groups represented are both legitimate and powerful, thus this approach seeks to widen the vision of a marketing manager, of his/her duties, rather than just being profit and customer oriented (Mitchell et al., 1997). Stakeholders are distinguished into two categories primary and secondary. Managing both pri mary and secondary stakeholder relationships is critical and essential for the marketing organization in achieving marketing objectives.Strategic analysis theory contends that marketing managers plays an exceptional role in a marketing firms success or failure in the market, with other factors such as product development and market repositioning efforts (Child, 1972). Strategic decisions made by managers are often made with careful considerations for the marketing firm as the primary driver, where they are able to adopt a specific type of strategy that fits their main marketing competencies. Strategic choices geared to the accomplishment of achievable strategic objectives are more likely to be effective through an open managerial decision- making process (Harrison and Pelletier, 1998).With the inter-relationship between stakeholder and strategic choice theory, stakeholders (e.g., customers, media, and shareholders) will have an influence and affect on marketing managers strategic de cision making on the nature of the situation (Jawahar and Mclaughlin, 2001). A clear role of stakeholders is that they can provide necessary and vital information and if well captured by marketing firms, would lead to better organizational performance in decision making (Mori, 2010). A simple model of the process of decision making can be seen in Figure 4.CUsersBenjamin PhoonDesktopUntitled.pngFigure 4Managers would use strategic analysis tools to amount the strengths and opportunities from stakeholders to hosting a mega-event, in this case, Formula One in Singapore and make strategic choices within constraints.Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of what can be classed as a major sporting event of international recognition and its implications from the perspectives of government officials, private businesses and local residents. Furthermore, sports events research has lacked exploratory findings to softly examine how it impacts on the local economy.Hence, the fol lowing research will utilize a qualitative approach to begin developing an understanding of how mega-events such as Formula One would impact on the local economy using strategic analysis tools. This research will offer a basis for future qualitative research and provide relevant information to future researchers canvas strategic analysis tools to evaluate and identify information relevant to strategy formulation mainly on mega-events.Research MethodsThe researcher will undertake a case-study and secondary data approach. This study will only be analyzed by a qualitative approach and thus, the researcher will conduct a case study based on qualitative findings. Qualitative research focuses on the gathering of more richer and in-depth data from other smaller samples (Kent, 1999).Case StudyAccording to Yin (1984), case study research method is defined as an trial-and-error inquiry that explores a coetaneous phenomenon and the real-life context in which it occurred when the boundarie s between phenomenon and context are not understandably palpable and in which several sources of evidence are used. The approach of a qualitative case study is to research and assists examination of an occurrence within its context and to compare using a wide range of data sources for research inclemency (M. Dooley, 2002). This will ensure that the focus is not explored through a single view, but a variety of views which allows for various facets of the event to be exposed and soundless (Baxter Jack, 2008).Secondary DataSecondary sources will be mainly used to collect and utilized to gather qualitative data related with this research. This is especially helpful as the researcher lives in Singapore and could not acquire data of market situations from other countries holding mega-events such as Formula One. In this case, different research reports, books, electronic journals and web portals will be accessed to gather information from these sources to conduct the study of the availa ble secondary data.Data AnalysisFirstly, after collating data from secondary sources and case studies, the researcher will read and transcribed all collected data to get a general sense as a whole and ideas presented. It is crucial to take into consideration the value of the data before analysing as it may not be significant to the research.Next, the researcher will identify areas to be covered and what is to be achieved based on the aims and objectives of the research by focusing on the analysis. In this case, the researcher can focus on the analysis by comparing the data collected from various case studies and secondary sources in a qualitative perspective, in which theoretical statements and causal relationships are clearly developed from and grounded in the phenomena studied (Cumberbatch, 2004). Thus, this leads to the use of Grounded Theory where it provides a mix of flexibility and structure with unambiguous guidelines, where the researcher will adopt the usage of cryptograph . label is a method of constant comparison which led to the founding of Grounded Theory on the conceptualisation of data (Jones, Keifilik and Zanko, 2005). There are three steps of coding in analysing data collected. Opening coding is about understanding and to have a constant comparison of data collected that would be fractured into conceptual codes.In this case regarding to case study methodology, the researcher may categorise factors of economic impacts from mega-events into codes such as social, environmental, strengths, benefits, etc. The next step after data has been fractured, axial coding would be used. It is the process of exploring new relationships among the data and to discover any connections between them (Warburton, 2012). The final step would be selective coding, whereby it involves picking of certain codes to construct and integrate them with the listed categories in the axial coding model as part of the approach to developing a grounded theory (Strauss and Cobin, 1 998).LimitationsOne of the main limitations is that an independent empirical process research is not being employed due to restrictions of organizations being reluctant to provide accurate data as some sports that host mega-events are naturally secretive. F1 is heavily technologically driven therefore the release of information is seen as a pejorative to the sport. Reliance can only be placed upon the accuracy of data provided from external sources such as case studies and mainly secondary data. However, this issue will be minimized through the approach of identifying as many different reports as possible and cross-referencing them.TimelineThe Gantt chart in the appendix section will be showing the estimated time needed for each process up till the submission of the dissertation itself.ConclusionIn conclusion, the researcher will use a qualitative research methodology to have a better understanding and insight of the local economic impact of mega-events, using Formula One as the key event to the research. With the study on strategic analysis tools, the researcher will be able to find out how marketing managers analyse the economic situation and make strategic decisions on for the success of leveraging mega-events. It is also vital that the researcher have an open mind without any biasness in order to obtain accurate data for the development of grounded theory while conducting this qualitative research.Nevertheless, information acquired for the research will hopefully formalize a grounded theory and to be used as guidance for future researchers and academics studying economic impact from mega-events using analytic tools, to have a better insight and build on in the future for improvement.AppendicesCUsersNoWaKiDesktopUntitled.pngPlanned Timeline/Gantt map of Dissertation

Miltons Satan in Paradise Lost Essay -- John Milton Satan Paradise Lo

Miltons fiend in Paradise LostAfter researching demon and his kingdom, Hell, done the account book and Paradise Lost to compare and contrast the two characterizations, I realized that Milton must have been a true Bible scholar. Miltons Satan is described so closely to the Biblical view of Satan that it is often magazines hard to distinguish the two. Milton changed and elaborated on a few characteristics of his Satan and his Hell in order to create Paradise Lost, but based his characterization and his descriptions on his interpretation of the Bible, using his imagination to form a much vivid picture of how horrible Satan and Hell are in reality. The action of Book One in Paradise Lost begins immediately afterwards God has propel Satan and his other fallen angels down to Hell from Heaven. The reader then comes to know that Satan was cast into Hell becau se he became alike proud and believed that his power was equal to Gods own power. He wanted to set himself up on a pedestal in Heaven. Milton writes, What time his pride had cast him out from Heaven, with all his host of rebel angels, by whose aid aspiring to set himself in glory above his peers, he bank to have equaled the Most High (Norton 1819). In the book of Isaiah, the story is relayed very similarly to Miltons version of how and why Satan fought against God and that he was thrown down into Hell. Milton speaks of Satan as O how fallen (Isaiah 1412-15). This phrase comes directly from Isaiah 1412. Isaiah wrote, How you are fallen from Heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning (Isaiah 1412). Isaiah continues in the same fashion as Milton in verse... .... Abrams, M.H. (editor). The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 7th Edition. Volume 1. New York City, NY W.W. Norton and Co., 2000. pp. 1815-1825.2. Abrams, M.H. (editor). The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Volume 2. New York City, NY W.W. Norton and Co., 1968. pp. 704-707.3. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. The Statesmans manual or the Bible the best Guide To Political Skill and Foresight A Lay Sermon, Addressed to the Higher Classes of Society. London Gale & Fenner, J. M. Richardson, and J. Hatchard, 1816. 4. Extreme Teen Bible New King James Version. Ed. Bruce Barton, Christopher Hudson, and David Veerman Thomas Nelson Publishers, 19995. Shelley, Percy Bysshe. A Defense of Poetry. Indianapolis The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 19046. The Nelson Study Bible New King James Version. Ed. Earl Radmacher,Th.D., Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1997

Of Mice and Men Comparison Essay -- essays research papers

In the story, there are devil oddly paired men, who set off side by side and support each other with the goal of living the ideal life. In a world of loneliness and trouble, these characters, George and Lennie, find treasure within the presence of each other. Another friendship within the story is among Candy and his dog. In John Steinbecks novella, Of Mice and Men, the author suggests that the friendships between the two sets of individuals have parallel connections. By observing the characters position in society, the meaning of their relationship with one another, and the killing of their companion, we can conclude that there are similarities between the two partnerships.Both sets of friends have their designated positions in society. George and Candy act as the supporters in the relationship. Lennie and the dog, however, are dependent upon their supporters to exist in society.You know how the hands are, they tho come in and get their bunk and work a month, and then they qui t and go out alone. Never seem to give a excommunicate about nobody. It jus seems kinda funny a cuckoo like him and a smart little guy like you travelin together. (39)Lennie is marginalized as the cuckoo character that is earlier unintelligent and useless. George is clearly established as the man with the intelligence and the supporter of Lennie. Slim see...